Glossary and Acronyms

Abattoir

Premises used for the slaughter of animals for sale for human consumption and includes any place in connection therewith for the confinement of animals while awaiting slaughter there or for keeping, or subjecting to any treatment or process, products of the slaughtering of animals.

Act

Health of Animals Act

Animal

Includes an embryo and a fertilized egg or ovum.

Animal by-product

Blood or any of its components, bones, bristles, feathers, flesh, hair, hides, hoofs, horns, offal, skins and wool, and any thing containing any of those things.

Animal product

Products of animal origin intended for human consumption, animal feeding, pharmaceutical or surgical use or for agricultural or industrial use, biological products and pathological material. Examples are cream, eggs, milk, non-fertilized ova, semen and embryos.

Approved C&D station

Any place approved by the Minister for the cleaning, disinfection or treatment of any conveyance or vehicle.

Area emergency response team (AERT)

The CFIA team at the Area Emergency Operation Center, which includes the following functions: outbreak management, communications, stakeholder liaison, human resources support diagnostics, tracing, movement control, vaccination, evaluation, depopulation, disposal, cleaning and disinfection, epidemiology, etc.

Artificial insemination centre

A facility for the production of semen approved by the Veterinary Administration and used exclusively for donor animals.

Blanket vaccination

The term is generally used where eradication of FMD is not feasible and the country controls clinical signs but not infection with FMD through widespread vaccination. Permanent identification or quarantine or movement control of vaccinates is not necessarily required under these conditions.

Bovine

Cattle or bison domestically raised or kept, but does not include a bison that has ever been in contact with or part of a wild herd.

Buffer Zone (OIE)

Means a zone established within and along the border of an infected zone(s) using measures based on the epidemiology of FMD to prevent spread of the causative animal pathogen into a free country or zone. These measures may include, but are not limited to, vaccination. Vaccinated animals must be recognizable by a specific permanent mark. The vaccines used must meet standards defined in the Terrestrial Animal Health Manual. The buffer zone should have an intensified degree of disease surveillance and control. This term is not used in the present strategy.

Case

An individual animal affected by an infectious or parasitic disease.

Case definition

A straightforward statement specifying the presence of an infectious or parasitic disease that combines clinical manifestation with yes/no criteria (such as laboratory test or epidemiological link) for the purpose of initiating a disease control action.

Chief Veterinary Officer

Top-ranking veterinary official with animal health responsibilities in Canada.

Confirmed diagnosis

NAFMDVB definition for NA communication indicating that the virus is isolated and identified or viral antigen has been identified along with clinical signs consistent with the disease or other epidemiological information. Additional typing is not required.

Confirmatory Negative

If, on completion of the initial investigation by a CFIA veterinary inspector of the premises under investigation, it is determined from clinical signs and epidemiological history that a FAD cannot be absolutely ruled out. The laboratory specimen is submitted and classified Confirmatory Negative.

Confirmed infected place (confirmed positive premises)

A premises where the disease had been identified and sample results been confirmed by the official laboratory.

Contact premises

A premises that is related epidemiologically with another premises. A contact premises is a premises that contains susceptible animals which have been in contact with an infected premises or an infected animal. Direct contact implies the movement of an animal whereas indirect contact means the movement of a potentially contaminated infected thing (fomite).

Control Area

Legally defined under Section 27 (1) of the Health of Animals Act, and referred to in the Ministerial declaration which incorporates all infected places and within which movement restrictions and emergency eradication measures are authorized. It may be subdivided into designated zones as per Section 80 of Health of Animals Regulations and FAD strategy documents. The Health of Animals Act control area corresponds to an infected zone defined by the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2005 as a clearly defined territory within a country in which a disease has been diagnosed. This area must be clearly defined in accordance with the environment, the different ecological and geographical factors as well as epidemiological factors and the type of animal husbandry being practiced.

Critical period

The epidemiologically significant period for tracing purposes on a confirmed positive premises, generally the period from the estimated date of introduction or the maximum incubation period (Terrestrial Animal Health Code) before the onset of clinical signs. Field determination of critical period must be made with consideration for the species present and their propensity for clinical expression.

Declaration (of Control Area)

A signed declaration, issued by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food, under the Health of Animals Act, identifying the disease, prescribing the limits of the control area and making regulations accordingly.

Declared positive infected place, positive premises

A premises where the disease had been identified, and declared to be positive based on clinical signs or an epidemiological link to a confirmed infected place without_confirmation by official laboratory results.

Director of Field Operations

Directs all disease control and eradication operations in the field; this individual is key to the success of the emergency resolution; located in the Field Operations Centre (FOC).;

Disinfection

The application, after through cleaning, of procedures intended to destroy the infectious or parasitic agents of animal diseases, including zoonoses; this applies to premise, vehicles and different objects which may have been directly or indirectly contaminated.

Dispose

Includes slaughter or otherwise destroy, bury or render.

Emergency vaccination

Selectively targeted FMD vaccination of susceptible animals in designated zone(s) as a temporary measure to delay destruction of high risk animals and minimize further virus production in an expanding outbreak. The objective is to vaccinate the minimum number of livestock to ensure secure protection against further FMD spread. All FMD vaccinates will be permanently identified, subject to movement restrictions and may be targeted for slaughter in order to expeditiously regain FMD country freedom without vaccination.

Equine

A horse, ass, mule or zebra.

Eradication

The elimination of a pathogenic agent from a country or zone.

Exposed premises

A contact premises which received animals (direct contact), products, by products or things including animal feed and manure, vehicles or equipment from an infected premises (indirect contact) of a nature likely to have introduced the disease agent. (Equivalent to Dangerous contact premises USDA/AUSVETPLAN.);

Fomite

A term used to include all things that have been in contact with an infected animal, so as to retain some of the infectious agent and can serve as a source of infection.

(Trained) FAD diagnostician

A veterinarian who has received the formal training in clinical FAD such as in high containment at the National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease or equivalent.

Foreign Animal Disease

Is a reportable disease or immediately notifiable disease that does not exist in Canada and for which there is a strategy, or any other disease prescribed as such after due consideration by the Minister.

Free zone (OIE)

A zone in which the absence of the disease under consideration has been demonstrated by the requirements specified in the Code for free status being met. Within the zone and at its borders, appropriate official veterinary control is effectively applied for animals and animal products, and their transportation.

Herd or flock

"herd" or "flock", in respect of ruminants, means all ruminants:

1. that are owned by, or are in the possession or under the care or control of, any person and are kept:
   1. on one or more parts of any single premises; or
   2. on two or more premises that are geographically separate, where the ruminants have been interchanged or have had contact; or
2. that are kept on a community pasture, grazing association unit or other common premises where the ruminants of more than one owner are kept, and includes any ruminants owned by the owners of those ruminants that are kept on any other premises and that are under the care or control of any of those owners; (troupeau)
   
   

High risk

If, on completion of the initial investigation by a CFIA veterinary inspector of the premises under investigation, it is determined from clinical signs and epidemiological history that a FAD is a definite possibility, the laboratory specimen is submitted as high risk.

Incubation period (maximum)

The longest known or assumed incubation period for the disease agent in question; OIE standards for incubation periods should be consulted for all List A or List B disease agents.

Infected place

Legal term for a premises that has been declared an infected place by an inspector (under Section 22 of the Health of Animals Act) and consequently restrictions have been imposed by Section 25 of the Act limiting the movement of animals, animal products and by-products, things, etc. A declared infected place may be an infected premises, an exposed premises, a contact premises, or more simply a premises that is declared infected because of its close proximity to a positive premises. An infected place is suspected of having an infection. A distinction may be made by stating suspect infected place versus positive infected place/premises (see above). Confusion may arise as other countries use infected premises for a confirmed or positive premises. As quarantines under the Act are issued using an infected place declaration (CFIA/ACIA 1612), the distinction is important in Canada.

Infected Zone

The zone established pursuant to the Health of Animals Regulations Section 80, which includes all positive FAD premises. The outer boundary is determined by OIE standards and the epidemiology of the disease adjusted to the environment, different ecological and geographic factors as well as all the epidemiological factors and types of animal husbandry being practiced and resources to control the epidemic. Movement of susceptible livestock must be strictly controlled.

Infection

The presence of the pathogenic agent in the host.

Inspector

A person appointed or designated as an inspector under Section 32 of the Act.

Livestock

Animals of the bovine, caprine, equine, ovine and porcine species.

Milk

The lacteal secretion obtained from the mammary gland of any ruminant in concentrated, dried, frozen, reconstituted or fresh form.

Modified stamping-out policy

Used in communications to the OIE whenever the animal health measures defined in "stamping out" are not implemented in full. Details of the modifications should be given.

Movement control

Restrictions placed on the movement of animals, people or things to prevent the spread of disease.

National Emergency Response Team (NERT)

The CFIA Team at headquarters in Ottawa, which is responsible for national direction and management of the Operations eradication response to support the Area Emergency Teams(s) involved.

Official control program

A program that is approved and managed or supervised by the competent authority of a country for the purpose of controlling a pathogen or disease by specific measures applied throughout that country or within a zone or zones of that country.

Official identification

An approved form of identification under the Health of Animals Regulations (e.g. Canadian Cattle Identification tag; a Health of Animals tag).

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Clothing and equipment to prevent occupational injuries and diseases through control of exposure to potential hazards in the work place after engineering and administrative controls have been implemented to the fullest extent. PPE is required to be provided by the employer under the Canada Labour Code Part II Sections 124 and 125.

Place

Includes a conveyance.

Premises

A ranch, farm, stable or other establishment in which animals are kept.

Pre-emptive slaughter

Depopulation under the competent authority of susceptible animal species in herds on premises which have been exposed to infection by direct animal to animal contact, or by indirect contact of a kind likely to cause the transmission of FAD virus prior to the expression of clinical signs especially in situations of high density of susceptible animals, intensive movement of animals and/or persons in contact with susceptible animals, delays in suspect status notification or insufficient information on the possible origin and transmission of the virus.

Presumptive diagnosis

Meets the following criteria:

1. CFIA veterinary inspector has investigated the outbreak; and
2. clinical signs consistent with the disease and/or other epidemiology indicates the disease.
   
   

Protective vaccination

Emergency vaccination carried out in a designated buffer-vaccination zone in order to create an immune barrier by protecting susceptible animals against airborne spread of FMD or spread through fomite of FMD and where the animals are intended to be kept alive following vaccination.

Rendering plant

A place (a) where animal by-products are prepared or treated for use in, or converted into, fertilizers, animal food, fats or oils, other than fats or oils used for human consumption (b) where a substance resulting from a process mentioned in paragraph (a) is stored, packed or marked, or (c) from which a substance resulting from a process mentioned in paragraph (a) is shipped.

Reportable

Prescribed as reportable by the Minister.

Restricted zone

A zone established within, and along the border of, a free zone separating the free zone from an Infected zone. The Restricted zone should have an intensified degree of surveillance. (Terrestrial Animal Health Code). Note that this terminology is equivalent to the EU surveillance zone and it refers to a 10 km radius around an Infected Place and its Infected zone.

Ruminant

An animal of the suborder Ruminative and includes an animal of the family Camellia.

Security zone

The geograpic area between the perimeter of the Infected zone and the Restricted zone to the edge of the control area. Both the restricted and security zones are based on ecological and geographic factors as well as all the epidemiological factors and types of animal husbandry being practiced and resources. Movement of susceptible livestock and animal product are controlled.

Sentinel animals

Animals of known initial health status monitored for the purpose of detecting the presence of a specific exotic disease agent.

Special premises

Premises such as an abattoir, artificial insemination centre, sales yard, zoo, game farm, shipping yard or any other premises where animals are kept or assembled.

Stamping out policy

Carrying out under the authority of the Veterinary Administration, on confirmation of a disease, the killing of animals that are affected and those suspected of being affected in the herd and, where appropriate, those in other herds which have been exposed to infection by direct animal to animal contact, or by indirect contact of a kind likely to cause the transmission of the causal pathogen. All susceptible animals, vaccinated or unvaccinated, on an infected premises should be killed and their carcasses destroyed by burning or burial, or by any other method which will eliminate the spread of infection through the carcasses or products of the animals killed. This policy should be accompanied by the cleansing and disinfection procedures defined in the Code.

Surveillance

A systematic program of inspection and examination of animals to determine the presence or absence of a disease.

Suspect animal

An animal from a premises declared to be an infected place under Section 22 of the Act.

Suspect infected place

Infected place is a legal term (see above). A suspected infected place is one suspected of having an infection, but which has not necessarily been confirmed. Suspect premises may or may not have animals showing clinical signs that are typical of the disease.

Susceptible animal

Any animal of a susceptible species which is not vaccinated or which is vaccinated but whose immunization cover is considered inadequate by the competent authority.

Susceptible wildlife

Any animal that is not kept in captivity that is susceptible to FAD virus infection.

Tag

An ear tag stamped with the letters "H of A" and includes any device used for the identification of an animal pursuant to the Act and Regulations.

Test

Includes (a) the collection of body tissue or fluid from an animal, and (b) the injection of an animal for the purpose of determining that animal's freedom from or infection with disease.

Tracing

The process of locating animals, persons or things that may be implicated in the spread of disease, so that appropriate action may be taken. The tracing priority is the most likely infection period (determined by clinical or epidemiological investigation).

Trace-in, trace back

To identify the origin of all animals, animal products, suspected contaminated fomites, people, vehicles, possible vectors, etc. that have been imported onto an infected premises, to establish the original source of the infection.

Trace out, trace forward

To identify all animals, people, fomites, etc., that have left from the premises and could have possibly carried infection to new places.

Vaccinated premises

A premises in a specified vaccination zone on which vaccination is being, or has been, practiced.

Vaccination zone

A clearly defined territory decreed by the competent authority within a country in which a FAD has been diagnosed and where animals are systematically vaccinated for the protection of the rest of the country (free zone).

Vector

An animal (frequently an insect) that has the potential to transmit a disease, directly or indirectly, from one animal to another.

Vehicle

Any method of transport by land, air or water.

Veterinarian

A person duly qualified to practice veterinary medicine under the laws of the place where he practices.

Veterinary inspector

A veterinarian appointed or designated as an inspector under Section 32 of the Health of Animals Act.

Welfare slaughter

The slaughter and disposal of livestock due to the necessity of the industry to meet the reduced demand for livestock products as a result of trade restrictions from an FMD outbreak. These are not infected animals.;

Zone/region (OIE)

A clearly defined part of a country containing an animal subpopulation with a distinct health status with respect to a specific disease for which required surveillance, control and biosecurity measures have been applied for the purpose of international trade. The following types of zones are defined by the OIE: free zone, infected zone, surveillance zone and buffer zone in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code.  Note these definitions and their relationship to CFIA zones is illustrated in Appendix 4, Table IV.

Zoning/regionalisation

Dividing a country into defined infected (OIE definition) and disease-free (OIE definition) areas.

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